Myanmar’s history has been sculpted by a succession of peoples who migrated along the Irrawaddy River from Tibet and China. The Burmans entered the Irrawaddy River valley in the mid-9th century AD, absorbing the nearby Pyu and Mon communities. Later waves brought in the Shan, Kachin and other groups.

The first unified Burmese state was founded by King Anawrahta (ruled 1044-1077) at Bagan in Upper Burma. During 250 years of relative peace, the devout rulers built the many pagodas for which Bagan is known today. The fall of Bagan to the Mongols under Kublai Khan in 1287 was the beginning of a turbulent period. A succession of dynasties struggled for supremacy.

Portuguese traders arrived in the 16th century and since then Western powers have had strong influence in the country’s political and commercial affairs. British rule from 1824 brought a boom in the production of rice and timber, but it also increased resentment against colonial powers.

In the 1930s a nationalist movement emerged, which pushed for immediate reforms, including separation from India, and later for full independence. Following Japanese occupation during World War II, Aung San and other student leaders led the country to independence in 1948. But the transition was not smooth. Political and ethnic insurrections followed over the next 30 years.

In the late 1950s General Ne Win’s government tightened administrative discipline to promote modernization and curbed separatist tendencies in the eastern Shan states. During the 1960s and 1970s Ne Win attempted to build an effective totalitarian government and maintain autonomy on the world scene. But he led the country into economic ruin and increasing isolation from the outside world.

Anti-government riots in March and June 1988 led Ne Win to resign as party chairman in July, ushering in a period of political instability. However, Ne Win did not lose total control. The new governing body, the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) now the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), headed up by Saw Maung, remained ultimately answerable to him.

In June 1989 the country’s name was officially changed in English to the Union of Myanmar and the name of the capital from Rangoon to Yangon. Aung San Suu Kyi, the daughter of independence fighter Aung San, emerged as the new opposition leader. Elections in May 1990 resulted in an overwhelming victory for the opposition, but the SLORC refused to allow the People’s Assembly to convene.

In October 1991 the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Aung San Suu Kyi. She was intermittently held under house arrest for 15 of the past 21 years (1989-2010). Many of her supporters were also harassed or jailed. However, since elections in 2010, the government has made several moves towards a more open democracy in lieu of the military junta that had ruled in previous decades. Aung San Suu Kyi was even elected to office in the lower house of Myanmar’s parliament in April 2012.

Myanmar remains one of the world’s poorest nations, despite considerable natural resources.

Myanmar has one of the world’s fastest growing rates of HIV/AIDS. Around seven percent of children die before their fifth birthday.

Myanmar

The Protestant church in Myanmar is built on the foundations laid in the early 19th century by Adoniram Judson, an American Baptist missionary. Since then, Christianity has been deeply rooted and has grown stronger through adversity.

All missionaries were expelled in 1966, but the Burmese church has learned to stand on its own feet, despite financial limitations and isolation. Baptists, Assemblies of God, Methodists and Anglicans form the strongest denominations in Myanmar. There is also a significant Roman Catholic minority. Many Christians are well-educated, but they cannot rise to positions of responsibility.

Most Christians are from the minority ethnic groups (Karen, Lisu, Kachin, Chin, Lahu). Less than one percent of the majority Bamar population is Christian. Ethnic and denominational ties are very strong. Unity among the believers has yet to overcome some of these ties and build bridges between the groups.